Use Cases Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Use Cases - Research Paper Example The diagrams also have attachments of informal text giving extra details similar to that which exists in the requirements document. Their level of use is normally during the analysis phase of the software. Through it, as designers the goal of meeting the demands of the system remains in scope. In figure 1 above, the stick figure shows an actor playing the role of an entity external to the system and its interactions. In this case, the actor is either another system or a person. The user in the ATM system can withdraw cash (Zhang & Yang, 2012). In other cases, the user is not always the real person, but it may consist of the duties played by a real person when in interaction with the ATM system. Other actors present in an ATM system include administrator who fills the cash in the dispenser before work commences. The client inserts their card into the slot in the ATM that reads the card. The bank then has to perform synchronization between the ATM and the bank through providing an identifier for the session. The system then deciphers the information in the ATM card before authenticating the customer to perform their transaction at the ATM. The client will then select the option to withdraw which will provide them with the options of how much to withdraw. The system will compare the users wishful amount with what it possess before allowing them to withdraw. Otherwise, if the amount is more than what they can withdraw, they will be requested to enter a smaller value. The ATM system will then eject the card from the bank. Dispense of cash takes place thus allowing the system to record a log of transaction for the withdrawal of that money. The latter marks the ends of the process. The transaction on depositing cash through the ATM is mapped by a request to the client to select the type of the account for which to deposit to from available options. The customer then enters the amount they wish to deposit through the ATM (Salerno, 2014). The transaction

Critical Movie Review About Yoga Essay Example for Free

Critical Movie Review About Yoga Essay Seldom do we have movies which tackle yoga as plot but it was a welcome window in the 2000 movie The Next Best Thing top billed by pop-icon turned actress Madonna. Director John Schlesinger and Screenwriter Tom Ropelewski and the rest of the cast and crew were able to present that Yoga, being a plot in a movie, does not lack that dramatic necessity of conflict. Just try to figure out and visualize the conflict or struggle between muscles when youre trying to lift your foot behind your head in the eka pada sirasan or leg-head pose. Is it not the stuff of cinema? The power and effectiveness of Yoga was clearly manifested in The Next Best Thing where Madonna played a yoga teacher who has a baby with her gay best friend played superbly by Rupert Everett. Driving instructor Abbie (Madonna) has no problems getting her students to bend over backwards and tie themselves into knots for her. But in life she cant seem to find anyone to tie the knot with her. Robert (Everett), her best friend and confidant, is having equally dismal luck finding his Mr. Right. When Abbies relationship ended , she turned to homosexual Robert for comfort and advice. Under alcohol spirit they resulted into an unexpected tryst which made Abbie pregnant and decided to have the child. The two then committed to being good parents and created an unconventional but loving home for their precocious son, Sam (Stumpf). Now comes the yoga skills which Abbie used to remain celibate but she finally relented when she met Ben (Bratt). Roberts father image was threatened with the romance between Abbie and Ben. This was followed by tensions specially when Abbie and Ben planned to marry each other. Thereafter the movie pictured the family exploding over a heart-wrenching custody battle for Sam. Everett sparkles and Madonna oozes her usual cool in this drama/comedy from the director Schlesinger. Madonna 2 Yoga Journal and USA Today have made much of the authenticity of the yoga scenes in the movie. Madonna, a student of ashtanga yoga, brought in her own teachers, Kimberly Flynn and Noah Williams, to be consultants on the film. They advised on decor, class instruction, and fashion. â€Å"This really is the first time yoga has been taken seriously on a film project,† Flynn told USA Today. (qtd in Yoga at the Movies by Sherry Roberts). Yoga students can relate to scenes in the movie such as that of Benjamin Bratt’s first yoga class (he eventually becomes Madonna’s fiance in the movie). Toned and muscular Bratt falls over, peeks during chanting, and quickly realizes yoga brings a whole new dimension to â€Å"being in shape. † Perhaps the most refreshing scenes in the movie are seeing children practicing yoga: Madonna’s 7-year-old son (Malcolm Stumpf) leads a pretend yoga class with his friends in the backyard and later pulls up a mat and moves into the asanas (poses) right along with the adults in yoga class. (Roberts) Aside from the entertainment derived from the movie, presenting Yoga as the plot made the viewers really benefit from the true insights of the calming exercise with its physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual effects. The public was able to cultivate their own garden with Yoga by discovering the tools that can bring each of us in touch with our true nature through. In addition to greater strength, flexibility, and a re-sculpted body, Yoga is one of the best stress busters one can utilize. The movie is not only about Yoga but also a story of love and family with all its fold, twist, and mutilation of those intertwining concepts. The characters find that inner peace is always susceptible to outside and traditional factors. What is good is that there is compromise. which is a big part of yoga. The movie may be more about yoga than it first appears but it is more important that in the end, the conflict was resolved in true yogic fashion, by moving on. Madonna 3 Works Cited Roberts, Sherry. â€Å"Yoga at the Movies. † 2001-2007. Yoga Bound for Yoga in the Movies. 5 December 2007 http://www. yogabound. com/yoga/art_at_the_movies. htm. Schlesinger, John and Ropelewski, Tom. â€Å"The Next Best Thing. † 2000. 5 December 2007http://movies. go. com/the-next-best-thing/c790385/drama.

Children and Culture Essay -- Culture Cultural Racial Essays

Children and Culture As children we are automatically taught to be open-minded. We are taught not to stare at people which teaches us not to be disrespectful to one another. Also we are taught to respect and be kind to everyone regardless. As kids we are still untouched by he worlds ways of thinking and if we unattached our self’s from someone that’s of a different race it’s because we can't relate to them and we sill don't know how to handle ourselves in different situations. I believe it's still an unknown fact how some people grow up and become adults who want nothing to do with anyone that isn’t like them. In one of our discussions in my RHT class Kathaleen Mayan wrote about a set of Asian triplets that weren't very out going, and very shy to the other children. She said "kids aren't cruel like they are when they’re older so none of the kids would make fun of them or make comments or anything like that to them when they tried to say something, they just didn't interact with them very much, because they couldn't communicate very well†. When I read this I just started to wonder what it is that makes use become the type of people that go out of their way to make sure other people know they're are different and don't fit in. What part of our growing up do we learn this trait, and is it nurture or nature? I was born in Zerka, a small city in Jordan. My family and I moved to the United States when I was about four years old. After 14 years of living here and regardless on the numbers of trips to the Middle East I consider America to be my home. I love it here and don't see my self ever living anywhere else. I love how there are so many open-minded people and so many different religions and cultures interlocked. Yet reg... ...e about how he wanted to keep America as a English/European country and stick to those languages, I responded to that saying â€Å"just like how he wants to keep his culture and upraising alive, we want the very same thing†. There is always going to be Thomas Brays that have to be deal with, its just part of growing up in a foreign country. Regardless of the racism, hate, and discrimination, and regardless how much words really do hurt I see my self-lucky to have the chance to be able to write about the way I feel. Not all teenagers around the world have the chance to express their feelings on muliticulturesiam or any other issue, their forced to believe what their parents believe. Whenever I get upset with how closed minded some people are I just remind my self that at lest I the chance to do something about it, and I don’t have to just sit and take it.

spider :: essays research papers

First discovered in 1900, little was known about the happy-face spider until 1972. The obviously named happy-face spider is a small spider found in the native rainforests of the islands Maui, The Big Island of Hawaii, Oahu and Molokai at elevations of 1000 to 6000 feet. Typically around a quarter of an inch long, its diet consists of small insects that it hunts mainly during the night for small insects. They spin their webs on the undersides of leaves of specific plants and usually avoid contact with humans or other potentially danger animals, although only birds present a natural threat. Humans present a possible danger due to loss of habitat to agriculture, but the population is apparently healthy. The happy-face spider’s most admired feature is its bright yellow coloring and a strange pattern of red and black spots on the abdomen. These spots vary widely from spider to spider, making them of interest to scientists who have hypothesized that the different spots provide camouflage against birds and other predators. Strangely enough, the red and black spots, combined with the yellow body, tend to make the spider's abdomen look like the widely known yellow smiley face. The expressions on the abdomen of the spider can range from sad, happy, and excited, to bored or angry. Though individuals differ extremely in their color patterns, these differences are evenly distributed, with the same ratio of Yellow forms to Red front forms in every population, regardless of its separation from the others. Mating experiments reveal that the genetic mechanism for achieving these similar color morphs is different on each island. Results for the Maui spiders reveal a more simple system of genetic control where the individual, regardless of sex, will be colored according to a single gene. On Hawaii, however, it is apparent that two genes determine the color morph, with pairs of color forms restricted to one sex or the other.

Orthoses Intervention Essay

Presently, there exists a wide variety of various clinical interventions which are on the market based on personal interest, experience and skills of every clinician. Accordingly, it has become intricate for the therapist and also the patient to select the most efficient treatment for their specific problem. Since all the people who work in the health sector are involved in being answerable for providing best tools and options for the most efficient intervention, clinicians have a challenge treat their patients with the most efficient available intervention. Research hypothesis The hypothesis formulated for this research is: †¢ Orthoses are a clinically successful Podiatric Intervention Disease selected for the research background information A patient suffering from Charcot-Marie-Tooth sickness was prescribed for an ankle-foot orthoses to assist his gait. The patient was an ardent bicyclist and sought an evaluation of the impact of orthoses on his ardent bicycling activities, and also his gait. The impact of three ankle-foot orthoses on the joint angles when bicycling and walking and, ankle torque as well as production of power during walking processes as well as heart rate when bicycling were calculated. The quantitative impacts of every AFO on walking and bicycling workings are then discussed in relation to the patient’s inclination. Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) sickness is a genetic neuropathic illness which results in progressive degenerate of the muscles which are distal to the knee and commonly results in gait restrictions. Ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) devices have been used and revealed to have constructive impact on the gait of patients who are suffering from ankle muscle weakness, which includes restitution of heel strike, enhanced management of plantar flexion subsequent to foot strike, normalizing of heel rise, improved thrust for the period of push-off, stabilizing of the knee when in stance, and reduction in unusual hip and knee flexion in the process of swinging. The design of AFO might as well influence gait movement in patients who have CMT sickness. In the present study, we shall assess the effects of three different kinds of AFOs on joint angles when walking and also when bicycling, the ankle torque as well as power production when walking, and the heart rate in the course of bicycling for an individual suffering from CMT. The research also discusses the association amid these effects as well as the patient’s liking for AFO variety for walking as well as bicycling. Methodology Subsequent to manufacture and the patient was fitted with AFOs , the patient was later requested to use the AFO as much as he could for walking as well as bicycling, he was also asked to decide which one of the braces he had used he favored for each different activity. When a period of a bout one month elapsed during which the patient was using the devices, the gait of the patient was evaluated without AFO and also with the three different AFOs. Another period of two weeks elapsed and the patient’s bicycling activity was assessed without the AFO at first and then with the three different AFOs afterwards. Results Gait speed The resulted indicated that, the pace of walking on the ground was quicker when using the no-AFO state (1. 09 m/s), then the solid ankle AFO state followed with (1. 04 m/s), and this was followed by the posterior trim AFOs and the prefabricated AFO (1. 01 m/s). The usual self-chosen adult walking pace ranges between 1. 33 m/s and 1. 51 m/s, (Pierson-Carey et al, 1997) so the patient’s walking pace was slower compared to the normal pace. The variations in pace amongst the three AFO states as well as the no-brace state are minute, however using the AFOs might have reduced the patients walking pace a little. Joint angles The key distinction in joint angles happened at the joint of the ankle during swing point with the utilization of solid ankle as well as posterior trim AFOs. It was observed that the prefabricated AFO had slight consequence on ankle joint angles when contrasted with the no-AFO state. During a foot strike where an AFO was not used and when the prefabricated AFO was used the results were that the ankle of the patient was plantar flexed. In addition, there was just a small upward angulation position of the foot comparative to the floor (Table1). But, when posterior trim AFO as well as solid ankle AFO were used, the ankle joint of the patient was observed to b in dorsiflexion at point of the foot strike with an additional normal heel strike. Ankle torque A person’s internal ankle torque production is due to a different muscle activity in the body inactive broadening of tissue, as well as restrictions due to the AFO and also the shoe. Contrasted with usual gait, every state resulted in a lot lesser torque production for dorsiflexion as well as plantar flexion (Figure 1). It was observed that, the solid ankle and posterior trim AFO conditions both resulted in dorsiflexion torques of longer period following foot strike when contrasted with the no-AFO as well as the prefabricated AFO states produced results which were inline with the ankle joint angle outcomes, which revealed a lot of heel strike with solid ankle as well as posterior trim AFO. Discussion It is commonly accepted that putting on ankle foot orthosis (AFO) can result in a positive impact on the gait in patient suffering from hemiplegia. The orthoses assist in a number of functions in ambulation which includes controlling dorsiflexion and also plantarlexion in stance as well as swing stages of gait. In addition, AFOs are believed to steady the ankle in ankle’s transverse and frontal planes in times of gait activities and balance. Pierson-Carey, et al (1997) however, points out that, traditionally, a normal metal (Bicaal) AFOs have in the past been researched to additional asses clinical observation on joint stability among patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth who use these devices Lehmann, et al (1986) observes that, in the process of the mid stance as well as propulsion stages of gait of the patient, the no-AFO as well as posterior trim AFO states led in lesser values of plantar flexion torque being produced when compared to solid ankle AFO or even the prefabricated AFO states. When in the mid stance point of gait of the patient, the plantar flexors usually offer restrictions to forward movement of the tibia, while the foot of the patient remains rooted on the ground. In the propulsion stage the plantar flexors usually operate to bring fourth heel rise as well as plantar flexion of the patient. Solid ankle AFO as well as the prefabricated AFO were observed to be more efficient in offering plantar flexion torque (restriction to dorsiflexion) when in these stages. On the while the posterior trim AFO was formulated to give restriction to plantar flexion and not resist dorsiflexion, as a result it was not as efficient to provide to plantar flexion torque in these stages. Conclusions This research has concluded that, using the posterior trim as well as solid ankle AFOs when walking reduced the extreme hip and knee flexion of an individual. It also reduces the ankle plantar flexion in the process of swinging. However, there were no significant modifications during stance period. The patient in the case study was conscious of these encouraging transformations in his gait when using the AFOs. Nevertheless these transformations were not important enough to result in him using AFOs in every circumstance, and as such the patient used them merely in circumstances in when the look of his own gait was imperative to him only. When the patient indeed used AFOs for walking, the patient favored the posterior trim AFO compared to the solid ankle AFO since it fit him better than the posterior trim into his dress shoes. When cycling his bicycle, usage of the different AFOs reduced the inclination toward extreme dorsiflexion when performing the downward stroke and the solid ankle AFO was observed as the most efficient. Consequently the patient favored to using solid ankle AFO when cycling, however the patient did not detect any variation in the cycling speed on his normal road bicycle when using solid ankle AFO. However as Lehmann (1993) notes not any of the AFOs attested to be better in walking process or cycling activities, as such the patient favored to using dissimilar AFOs for these activities. More research would be required integrating diverse AFO designs, equipment, and positions, to establish if it is probable to formulate one particular AFO which optimizes the patient’s walking as well as bicycling effectiveness. Extra outcome procedures, which include oxygen expenditure and ankle power assessments when cycling, might assist to better discern amongst variations in performance which are attributed to the using of diverse AFOs.

FORP FAQ Section

FORP FAQ Section Free Online Research Papers Again, thank you for visiting and participating in FORP (www.FreeOnlineResearchPapers.com) without students like you this site would not make it. Below are some of the most commmon questions we get by newer users: 1.) Does www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com cost money? No, FORP does not charge for any of the services we offer unless you are not willing to participate by contributing a paper. If you are not willing to contribute a paper there is a mooching charge of $12.50 per monthly access. 2.) Do I have to be a registered user in order to post a paper or an article to FORP? No, Although we encourage people to register to get a unique username so that other users can more easily follow their work. However, it is not required. If you post an article or paper as a unregistered user the article will appear to be written by anonymous. 3.) How can I obtain some help from the other users on FORP with my article or paper? This is a good question and one we get often. Here is what we suggest: 1.) Register as a user on FORP so that other students start to identify your work and your style. 2.) Post a few comments about other papers you read. Imagine that, making an effort to help someone else actually will result in you getting help. Also, make sure you post as your registered user name so that someone will identify that it was you who extended help to them. 3.) In the title section when posting your paper write Please Review. This will make it clear to students that you are requesting help with an article. Example The Long Road Home Ethics (300 Level Course) Please Review If you put something other than Please Review be aware that your article will be deleted or at the very least the title will be edited. 4.) Is it ethical for me to cut/paste an article from FORP and submit it as my own work to my college or university. No, FORP is a research website intended for students to view great examples of works that other students have written and submitted. Please take full advantage of the style and works cited as examples but if you choose to cut/paste a paper you are doing so at your own risk. 5.) Should I put my name or email address in a paper before posting it? No, we try to do everything we can to prevent spam in all its forms. It is never a good idea to post your email address on any kind of public forum! If you have done this by mistake please use our feedback form to let us know of the article title so that we can remove your email address for you as quickly as possible. If you receive any kind of pop up while on our site we guarantee it is not coming from www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com. We hate that stuff as much as anyone! 6.) I have posted a few articles as an anonymous user and now that I have given FORP a test run I want to take credit for the papers I have submitted. How do I go back and change who it was submitted by? In this event please submit a statement to our feedback form naming which papers you submitted. However, if we get more than one person wanting to take credit for a paper it will be simply changed back to anonymous. 7.) I have too many papers to list myself? I am cool with doing 2 or 3 but I have 25 papers. Can I just email them to you? Yes, what a fantastic problem to have! Please email us at admin@freeonlineresearchpapers.com with your papers attached. It might take a few days for us to get them all posted but we will surely do so. Do not forget to include your username so that we know who to give credit too. Or of course if you want them posted anonymously that is cool too. Also, include the course title and course level. We will email you back when we have finished uploading the papers. 8.) How do I say thank you for offering this website? 1.) Post as many papers, articles, reviews, journal entries, or poems that you have. 2.) Comment on papers that others are seeking help with. 3.) Come back to see what is new. 9.) I submitted my paper but it is not showing up? All papers submitted to FORP are reviewed by our administrators before they are published. You should expect to see your paper published within 24 hours of submitting it for review. Thank you so much for participating in FORP and we hope that it will continue to grow along with its users. If you do not see your issue listed please do not hesitate to use our feedback form. Best Regards, Admin admin@freeonlineresearchpapers.com Research Papers on FORP FAQ SectionMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesStandardized TestingAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Project Managment Office SystemHip-Hop is ArtPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Why Evolution is True Book Review Sample

Why Evolution is True Book Review Sample Why Evolution is True Book Review Example Why Evolution is True Book Review Example Throughout the history, scientists and thinkers made numerous attempts to resolve the mystery of the origin of life. Evidently, evolution has become a point of concern for many scientific and academic disciplines. At the same time, evolution can be viewed as a matter of ethics and philosophy. The following research is a critical reflection on a book by Jerry A. Coyne’s titled Why Evolution Is True. The Book Why Evolution Is True by Jerry A. Coyne In the introduction to his book, Coyne (2009) admits that no other scientific problem â€Å"has caused more fascination and fury† than evolution (p. 14). On the one hand, uniqueness of the changes that occur to the species and distinctness of features peculiar to each single organism dwelling on Earth can be regarded as the main reasons of ambiguities and discrepancies the issue of evolution can cause (Coyne, 2009, p. 14). On the other hand, the issue of evolution is fundamental in itself in a sense that hypothetically, it can give us an answer to eternal questions, such who we are, where we come from, and where we are going. In this regard, Jerry A. Coyne (2009) claims the following: â€Å"Evolution gives us the true account of our origins, replacing the myths that satisfied us for thousands of years. Some find this deeply frightening, others ineffably thrilling† (p. 14). The research by Jerry A. Coyne gives a detailed insight to different approaches towards understanding the evolutionary processes. Therefore, critical consideration of the points made by the author of the research and rationalizing from the main ideas of the research can be viewed as a means of better understanding the process of evolution as such. Speaking of evolution, the issue of how it is being treated by the communities across the world is important. Thus, the concept of evolutionism has evolved to denote a scientific tendency of being committed to the theory of evolution. Charles Darwin is referred to as the author of the theory of evolution. Darwin’s evolution theory views natural selection as one of the driving forces of evolution. The theory of evolution is opposed to the creationist theory. Creationism, in its turn, admits the fact that the origin of life and the diversity of species are merely the outcomes of some divine intervention. Coyne (2009) admits that evolution â€Å"is far more than a â€Å"theory†, let alone a theory in crisis† (p. 13). Developing this statement further, the researcher claims that â€Å"evolution is a fact† (p. 13). Considering the idea of evolution as it is understood in the modern society, Coyne (2009) admits the subjectivity of human perception of the evoluti onary processes in a sense that typically people tend to perceive the events, entities, and phenomena through the lens of their own vision, and evolution makes no exception in this particular case (p. 17). As far as the correlation between religion as such and creationism is concerned, the researcher asserts that creationism is only possible and makes sense merely within the framework of religion (Coyne, 2009, p.17). In this regard, Jerry A. Coyne (2009) claims that â€Å"enlightened religion has always found a way to accommodate the advances of science† (p. 19). At the same time, understanding the essence of the evolutionary processes may presumably broaden our recognition of the living world and the place human species takes in it (p. 20). Thus, the conflict between the creationist theory and the theory of evolution is, in its turn, described as follows: â€Å"the battle is a part of wider war, a war between rationality and superstition† (p. 13). It is possible to as sume that the author’s main idea is that reconsidering and exploring the key aspects of the theory of evolution, on the one hand, and creationism on the other, is one of the primary tasks of modern science, ethics, and philosophy. In the first chapter of his book Why Evolution Is True, titled â€Å"What Is Evolution† Jerry A. Coyne (2009) is reflecting upon evolution as a scientific notion (p. 3). It is worth noting that the author admits both simplicity of the term ‘evolution’, and scientific sophistication that characterizes it. Specifically, Coyne (2009) gives the following explanation of the theory of evolution: Life on earth evolved gradually beginning with one primitive species - perhaps a self-replicating molecule - that lived more than 3.5 billion years ago; it then branched out over tie, throwing off many new and diverse species; and the mechanism for most (but not all) of evolutionary change is natural selection (p. 3). To put it simpler, the theory of evolution is based upon six key principles, namely, evolution as such (as the gradual and constant evolvement of biological species, including all the possible consequences of the process), â€Å"gradualism, speciation, common ancestry, natural selection, and nonselective mechanisms of evolutionary change† (Coyne, 2009, p. 3). By evolution, in this case, a genetic change is also implied (Coyne, 2009, p. 3). The idea of gradualism illustrates that evolutionary processes are long-running (Coyne, 2009, p. 4). Diversity of species, including their distinctive features acquired in the course of evolution, and improbability of cross-species mutations have to do with the tenet of speciation (Coyne, 2009, pp. 4-6). The concept of common ancestry has to do merely with the idea of genetic reconstruction of the species already extinct for the purposes of disambiguating the diachronic interspecies relationships (Coyne, 2009, p. 8). Natural selection, while being a purely materialistic process, is addressed as one of the driving forces of the evolutionary process. At the same time, natural selection is counted among Darwin’s greatest â€Å"intellectual achievements† within the framework of the theory of evolution, being acknowledged also as the process that â€Å"doesn’t require creation or guidance by supernatural forces† (Coyne, 2009, pp. 10-11). Contemplating the essence of theory as such, Coyne (2009) arrives at the following conclusion: â€Å"For a theory to be considered scientific, it must be testable and make verifiable predictions† (p. 16). Testifying the truthfulness of the theory of evolution, Jerry A. Coyne provides the following evidences. First of all, the presence of fossil remains of ancient life; the researcher asserts the need of speciation in the fossil record, as well as the exploration of link between the species that are likely to have common ancestry; studying the genetic variations of traits of biological species; account of imperfection as an attribute of evolutionary change; watching the ways processes of natural selection manifest themselves in the wild (Coyne, 2009, pp. 18-19). Taking each of these aspects into consideration, the author of the research notes that the theory of evolution is by all means truthful. In the second chapter of the book Why Evolution Is True, titled â€Å"Written in the Rocks†, Jerry A. Coyne (2009) explores the role of the fossil record in the genetic reconstruction of species for the purposes of studying the diachronic interspecies relationships. It is worthy of note that the role of fossil record within the framework of genetic reconstruction of species for the purposes of studying the diachronic interspecies relationships is of great importance. However, the author of the research admits the incompleteness of fossil record (Coyne, 2009, p. 23). In this regard, Coyne (2009) admits: â€Å"†¦the fossil record gives no evidence for the creationist prediction that all species appear suddenly and then remain unchanged. Instead, forms of life appear in the record in evolutionary sequence, and then evolve and split† (p. 34). On the other hand, Jerry A. Coyne (2009) stresses upon the importance of studying the fossil record of the so-called transitional species, claiming that transitional species have spanned the gap between the organisms in the course of the evolutionary process (p. 36). Developing this statement further, the researcher states that the discovery of transitional forms between fish and amphibians in 2004 became a landmark within the framework of the evolutionary biology (Coyne, 2009, p. 38). The link between birds and reptiles, as explored and asserted by Charles Darwin, has been underestimated for a long time. On the contrary, nowadays it is viewed as one of the key arguments in favor of the theory of evolution (Coyne, 2009, p. 43). In the end of the chapter, Jerry A. Coyne (2009) resumes: â€Å"Darwinism predicts †¦ that new species will be modified versions of older ones. The fossil record amply confirms this prediction† (p. 57). In chapter 3, â€Å"Remnants: Vestiges, Embryos, and Bad Design†, the author of the research explores the various anatomic manifestations of the evolutionary processes in the living organisms. The chapter opens with a beautiful metaphor, explaining the nature of evolution. A metaphor is a reference to palimpsests, recycled manuscripts written on parchment and vellum: an initial text was scraped off the page, and a new one was written (Coyne, 2009, p 59). In such a way, according to Coyne (2009), the basic principles of evolution are working. Specifically, organisms are compared to the ancient texts and addressed in the research by Coyne as ‘the palimpsests of the evolutionary history’ (Coyne, 2009, p. 60). In this particular case, the term ‘the palimpsest of the evolutionary history’ is synonymous to anatomic manifestations of the evolutionary processes in the living organisms. According to Stephen Jay Gould, â€Å"these biological palimpsests are th e â€Å"senseless signs of history† (as cited in Coyne, 2009, p. 60). Vestiges, atavisms, dead genes, and so-called ‘bad designs’ are the main types of mutations, specifically, some specific changes that manifest themselves anatomically and/or physiologically in a living organism. Vestigial trait is commonly referred to as a specific feature that can be viewed as an adaptation that either has â€Å"lost its usefulness completely† or â€Å"has been co-opted for new uses† (Coyne, 2009, p. 61). Wings of an ostrich can be viewed as an example of a vestige (Coyne, 2009, p. 61). Atavism is closely connected with the concept of anomaly. The term vas derived from the Latin word ‘atavus’, meaning ‘an ancestor’ (Coyne, 2009, p. 68). Unlike a vestige, an atavism occurs as in an organism individually. A fifth toe in a horse and â€Å"coccygeal projection† in humans can be viewed as the example of atavisms (Coyne, 2009, pp. 69-70). Dead genes are typically termed as the â€Å"genes that once were useful b ut are no longer intact or expressed† (Coyne, 2009, p. 71). The concept of dead genes is closely related to the so-called â€Å"biogentic law†, formulated by Ernst Haeckel; â€Å"biogentic law† goes as follows: â€Å"Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny† (as cited in Coyne, 2009, p. 83). Bad design proves that certain imperfection in a living organism are attributed to the evolutionary process. Laryngeal nerve of mammals, in this case, can be viewed as an example of â€Å"nature’s worst designs† (as cited in Coyne, 2009, p. 87). In chapter 4, â€Å"The Geography of Life†, Coyne (2009, p. 93) touches upon many aspects related to natural species. The author poses a question that makes everyone think of evolution from a different perspective: why some types of endemic species can be found over a certain territory, whereas others are not represented there at all. The distribution of species across the globe is for sure the matter of evolution. However, it cannot be always explained. It is a strange fact, but somehow similar climate and terrain cannot be appropriate for plants or animals that have much in common, but, none the less, are rather different. Darwin claimed that the distribution of species was caused not by the creation, but the evolution (as cited in Coyne, 2009, p. 96). Presumably, Darwin’s assumption is the most logical of all existing explanations, and, therefore, it is right. However, the theory does not provide the explanation for many questions such as a large distribution of some species and a very limited one of othera. The scientific achievements of the last century answer these questions. From a genetic and biological perspective no distribution could have been if there was no evolution (Coyne, 2009, p. 98). The author of the book provides numerous examples that refute all theories made regarding the geographic distribution except evolution. Although life of one person is not enough to see the substantial changes, one can notice that almost every living organism tries to adjust to new conditions, and the strongest of them becomes prosperous. Adaptation should be regarded as an aspect of evolution. Therefore, evolving different species that came from the same ancestor managed to occupy diverse territories, adapting to new conditions and, consequently, becoming different from what they initially were. If to consider this approach as correct, the diversity of speeches can also be explained by evolution. In chapter 5, â€Å"The Engine of Evolution†, Jerry A. Coyne addresses the concept of selection. In this regard, the author of the research admits: â€Å"Selection is not a mechanism imposed on a population from outside. Rather, it is a process, a description of how genes that produce better adaptations become more frequent over time† (Coyne, 2009, p. 127). Variability, the presence of some genetic basis for change, and affecting the probability of living offspring are the three main aspects of natural selection (Coyne, 2009, pp. 128-129). Animal and plant breeding, exploration of evolution at the molecular level in a laboratory setting, as well as observation of micro- and macroevolutionary changes in the wild, are the essential attributes of current studies. Evidently, the meaning of natural selection is exceptional within the framework of evolutionary process. The purpose of evolution, according to Coyne (2009) is â€Å"to explain how every adaptation evolved, step by step, from traits that preceded it† (p. 130). Taking all aforementioned facts into consideration, the author of the research draws the following conclusion: natural selection results in the adaptive evolution (Coyne, 2009, p. 155). At the same time, minor changes can potentially cause significant changes (Coyne, 2009, p. 155). In chapter 6, â€Å"How Sex Drives Evolution†, the author wants to imply that evolution is not just about adaptation (Coyne, 2009, p. 157). Analyzing the condition of a peacock, Coyne states that the animal manages to live and survive despite all claims of Darwinism. Therefore, Darwin made some oversight in his theory. There is no doubt that evolution makes nature and every living organism change. However, evolution is related not only to bearing the features of the ancestors and developing characteristics that would help to survive. Sexual dimorphism (Coyne, 2009, p. 159) proves to matter as well. The ‘peacock enigma’ is solved now. Although the long tail and bright colors at first sight seem to contradict the essence of evolution since these features involve wasting the energy and time and, therefore, reduce survival as make the males more noticeable for predators, the reality is different. These features brightly denote the essence of evolution as they are the way males adjusted to be differentiated from females so that those could pay attention to them. It makes one assume that sex and continuation of the family are needed for existence, and dimorphism became the evolution technique – two genders adapted to the fact that they need to be easily distinguished and deter the predators from the female and descendants. Evaluating the topic of sex, Coyne (2009, p. 169) concludes that pathogenesis on its own would not have been that evolutionary. When species reproduce sexually, the genes of both male and female are intertwined in the offspring. The absolutely unique genes appear, making their possessor somehow different from the rest of representatives. It is a pure aspect of evolution. All organisms are different in some way, especially those that reproduce sexually. They are not clones, but a result of evolution. In chapter 7, titled â€Å"The Origin of Species†, the author of the research emphasizes the importance of exploring the mechanism of both evolutionary changes and evolvement of new species (Coyne, 2009, p. 185). In this regard, the issue of understanding the nature of species as scientific notion is claimed to assert itself. Commenting on that particular matter Jerry A Coyne claims that evolution itself and speciation (as the process of disambiguating discrete groups of organisms/species) are of primary importance (Coyne, 2009, p. 185). Species, according Mayr, â€Å"a group of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups† can be termed as species (as cited in Coyne, 2009, p. 187). At the same time, species is an autonomous, envolutionary, and reproductive community (Coyne, 2009, p. 189). Classifying the extinct species, in this case, constitutes one of the most challenging issues of modern naturalism and genetics (Coyne, 20 09, p. 190). All in all, Jerry A. Coyne resumes that there is a great deal of resemblance between the biological speciation itself and ‘speciation’ of languages in a sense that â€Å"Like species, languages can diverge in isolated populations that once shared an ancestral tongue† (Coyne, 2009, p. 192). In chapter 8, titled â€Å"What About Us?†, Jerry A. Coyne gives an insight into the origin of human species. To put it simpler, the author describes briefly, but thoroughly, each of the species from which that human species could possibly evolve. Roughly speaking, Jerry A. Coyne outlines the history of our kin. The author of the research admits that human evolution provokes a heated discussion between the proponents of both the theory of evolution and creationism (Coyne, 2009, p. 209). Specifically, Coyne (2009) asserts that the vast majority of people are hardly exposed to accept the fact that our species descended from the apes (p. 192). In chapter 9, titled â€Å"Evolution Redux†, Jerry A. Coyne is contemplating the purposes of both evolutionary biology and theory of evolution (pp. 241-242). Thus, few statements of paramount importance are made. By asserting that evolution is true, one means that the main aspects, conceptions, and principles of Darwin’s theory of evolution are verified (Coyne, 2009, p. 243). Discrepancies and controversies of the theory of evolution are regarded as the weak points and are criticized by the proponents of creationism. Coyne’s response on that matter is as follows: â€Å"A science without controversy is a science without progress† (Coyne, 2009, p. 244). In my opinion, that is a rather fair observation. Finally, the author of the research admits that there is always a very huge possibility of gene instability (Coyne, 2009, p. 251). Taking all the aforementioned facts into consideration, it is possible to make the following conclusions. First of all, Jerry A. Coyne, in his book Why Evolution Matters, positions himself as a strong proponent of the theory of evolution. Throughout the history of evolutionary biology, discoveries of the links between fish and amphibians, birds and reptiles have become truly pivotal. The criticism of the theory of evolution on part of those, who adhere to creationist theory, consists merely in the fact that people tend to believe more in the origin of life as a Divine Providence, rather than a complicated and sustained biological process. Moreover, people tend to reject the idea of their biological ancestry as it is. Making attempts to justify the discrepancies and controversies of the theory of evolution, Coyne proves that controversies contribute to the development of science. Contemplating the purpose of scientific research on the whole, Jerry A. Coyen proves that evolution is by all means a matter of science (naturalism and genetics in particular). However, by doing so the author does not diminish the ethical, philosophical, and religious aspects of the theory of evolution. All things considered, the book can be classified as an important and credible source while studying different elements of the theory of evolution.

Complete Guide Biology Research Paper Writing

Complete Guide Biology Research Paper Writing Biology research paper is a type of academic writing that provides the readers with a thorough analysis of a particular issue. It usually presents different arguments to support one of the previously introduced claims that are traditionally based on peer-reviewed sources. Besides, this type of academic paper allows you to organize and develop the independent research and discuss your unique findings in the paper. While writing a research paper related to biology, take into account that it is a complicated scientific discipline that studies living organisms in general and examines their numerous functions, unique biological structure, lifetime development, and the process of evolution. It happens that some students find this discipline quite difficult to research as this broad subject demands significant knowledge and sophisticated approaches. Besides, it is possible to examine other life sciences instead as they also provide many interesting topics to be researched. In general, a wel l-developed Biology research paper should include a vast amount of analytical information on the chosen topic, inspect two or more scientific theories, and evaluate related practices. Outstanding Biology Research Paper Topic Ideas Nowadays, the most captivating topic to be examined is human cloning. It is a well-known fact that the scientists managed to clone living organisms successfully. Therefore, the process of copying DNA and creating genetically identical creatures has become a popular subject that raises a great interest of the wide audience. In this way, being developed for many years by significant scientists and researchers, the genetics is considered an exciting topic that grasps the attention of the readers from the first lines and has a straightforward relation to other fields of biology. As a result, you could examine the cloning and its origins, define and evaluate its different types, and research the structure of DNA. In addition, it is an excellent idea to discuss the most controversial issues of cloning and investigate its modern developments and major achievements in the context of historical research. Another exciting topic to be investigated is related to hormones and how they carry various chemical elements through the living organism. As a result, your paper may analyze multiple types of hormones, explore their functions, and compare them to each other. What is more, the writer can connect it to glands as they also may have a connection with hormones and impact different functions of the body. Finally, because hormones have a relation to mind functions and behavioral patterns, you can do psychobiological research that perfectly fits the demands of the biology research paper. The immune system of the living organism is another great topic to examine as it studies the functional and structural peculiarities of the immune system that are crucial to every organism on the planet. It is a well-known fact that the immune system creates and maintains a personal defense barrier in order to enable different creatures to withstand different diseases. Taking into account the fact that this barrier is one of the crucial features of the organism, you can develop your research paper on this subject and evaluate different protective elements of the immune system. In addition, you can mention its agents and discuss numerous diseases provoked by the improper work of this particular system that in turn causes a significant threat to essential survival functions. The next valuable topic that can attract the attention of the audience is plant pathology. It is not a subject of biology but it can be related to other Life Sciences, and it presents the unusual topic of studying a range of plant diseases. Thus, you should pay attention to this topic if you are highly interested in botany and plan to choose it as a major. As a consequence, by approaching this topic, you can examine different types of plant diseases, their unique causes, and mention ways of resistance. Besides, it is a great idea to evaluate ways of disease prevention and approaches to treatment. While conducting your research, pay attention to the instructions provided by your professor and follow them step by step. If the guidelines provide a number of topics to choose from, pick the most exciting and captivating of them. Sometimes it happens that the professor gives no particular instructions, giving you a chance to choose a topic on your own and develop it correspondingly. In such cases, you should pick the topic with due responsibility as it may become a ground for your thesis paper or even a dissertation work in the nearest future. Choosing the Most Suitable Biology Research Paper Topic The first step you should take to start a well-constructed paper is to choose a topic. Because biology provides a great variety of valuable themes to examine, it may be quite challenging to pick the most appropriate for you. For that reason, take your time and think thoroughly about all the related issues you are interested in or topics that attract your attention. It is essential for you to find your topic captivating as it is the feature that will motivate and force you to perform your best researching, analytical, and writing skills. If you happen to choose a boring topic or one that has been already researched by many students, it would be difficult for you to write an outstanding paper as there is nothing worse than a dull topic. Therefore, avoid examining sophisticated issues that are not supported by information published in peer-reviewed sources. Writing a paper, you should prove your claims and convince the audience to admit them. Otherwise, your paper will have low scientif ic value. To choose an appropriate topic, it is possible for you to follow useful and easy tips: Read the requirements carefully; Brainstorm the related ideas and keywords. In this way, you will be able to define a subject you are interested in; Do research on the subjects discussed in the lectures. Because you have already obtained background information from the professor, it will be much easier for you to concentrate on one of the topics; Think of a research question and develop it into a robust research topic. In addition, a research question and an answer for it together create a good basis for the research paper and make the writing process much easier; Look through your old notes. It is a great way to refresh memory and think of an excellent topic for your paper; Develop a topic from the thesis statement. Because a thesis statement usually includes the issue that demands a particular solution, it becomes a great tool for creating a valuable topic. Here are the examples you can use as topics: General Causes and Symptoms of Allergies and the Most Effective Treatments for Allergies; The Earliest Forms of Allergy Testing and Options of Their Treatment; Chemicals That Trigger Allergies and Methods of Their Prevention; The Latest Developments in the Chemistry of Adhesives; The Cellular Reproduction of DNA; Poikilothermic Body Temperatures versus Homoeothermic in Mammals. Quick Recommendations for the Pre-Writing Stage from Our Experts Because the Biology research paper should be grounded on a number of reliable sources, it is essential for you to conduct research and find peer-reviewed sources related to the chosen topic. For that reason, start your research by visiting local libraries and search there for books, specialized magazines and journals, and newspapers. Nowadays, an enormous amount of information may be found on the Internet. That is why it is recommended to search for information to support your claims and arguments in official reports, databases, and peer-reviewed online journals. It is highly advisable not to use data from personal blogs, forums, and social networks as it may be irrelevant. The collected pieces of information should be related to both theoretical and practical parts of the paper and match the final findings. Do not forget to make notes while looking through the sources and put down the authors of the articles and books, their titles, and years of publishing as you will need them to c reate a reference list and cite the information correctly. While browsing the Internet resources, it is quite challenging to keep track of visited websites. In order to find the source without struggles, you should make bookmarks or create a file with links to the useful resources. The used resources should be published recently as the books and articles released many years ago usually have no valuable scientific information. Finally, pay significant attention to the extensions of the domain names as they can help you to define the relevance of the provided information. Use resources that include .edu, .gov, and .org. in their domain names because it means that provided facts and evidence can be used as sources for your research. Craft a Killer Thesis Statement Start writing your paper by creating a thesis statement. It is a large and well-developed sentence (or two) that allows the audience to grasp the primary idea of the literary work, understand its central point, and find out your major claims and arguments. In addition, a thesis statement has to be followed by personal ideas of the writer and mention the methods and results of the research paper. Title/Thesis Statement/Body Paragraphs Usually, Biology research paper has the following structure: a title page. Here, it is necessary to type a short and comprehensive title, mention the name of the student, point out educational institution, and the date of submission; an abstract (if required by the professor); introduction part; three or more body paragraphs; methods of the research; results of the research; conclusion; reference page; additional information (pictures, graphs, photos, appendices, and tables). The introduction is the first part of the paper that includes the thesis statement and introduces the main issues to be discussed to the audience. Next, the writer has to add three or more body paragraphs that present his or her central claims and arguments and support them with facts and evidence. In addition, the body paragraphs are traditionally followed by the methods of the research and its final results. The results should be based on the applied methodologies and be arranged in a logical way or in a timeline. The conclusion is the final part of the Biology research paper that restates the thesis statement, sums up your main claims and arguments, and provides the audience with logical conclusions on the chosen topic. Tips for the Post-writing Stage When the research paper is ready, it is necessary to read it aloud and remove irrelevant information that does not fit the general structure. In addition, this approach allows to revise minor grammar mistakes and revise all the facts and evidence presented in the paper. In order to make the revising process faster and easier, you could use one of the free grammar checkers available online. When the grammar errors are fixed, it is necessary to check the format of the paper. Thus, the line spacing, text color, margins, font, and its size should correspond to the instructions provided by the professor. What is more, you should check the citations format and arrange the reference list in alphabetical order. Finally, it is important to check the paper for plagiarism. You can do it with the help of numerous plagiarism checkers that are available online for free and cite information that is detected. Following these easy and helpful biology research paper writing tips will allow you to understand what a research paper is and how it should be structured. Next, these biology research paper writing prompts will help you to choose an excellent topic by applying different methods of thinking, collect a necessary amount of reliable information, and compose a well-developed paper. Besides, you would be able to proofread it and eliminate as many grammar and structural errors as possible. Finally, if all the sources are cited properly, your paper won’t be detected for plagiarism. As a result, your writing is expected to get a high mark and become a sufficient ground for numerous research papers in your future academic activities (pursuits). References Biological Research Paper Topics. (2018). Retrieved from https://sciencing.com/biological-research-paper-topics-4149.html Biology Research Paper: List Of Interesting Topics. (2018). Retrieved from http://burmaeducationfund.org/biology-research-paper-list-of-interesting-topics/ How to Select a Research Topic. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.umflint.edu/library/how-select-research-topic Research Guides: Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper: 1. Choosing a Research Problem. (2018). Retrieved from http://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/researchproblem Selecting a Research Topic: Overview. (2018). Retrieved from https://libguides.mit.edu/select-topic

Nursing Precpetor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nursing Precpetor - Essay Example This definition describes the many roles or functions the preceptor fills, and illustrates how difficult and complex it is to be a preceptor. Furthermore, being a preceptor is especially important since it affects the quality of care given by preceptees (the new nurses or student nurses which are taught and guided by the preceptors) to patients. As highlighted in the analysis of the available literature on the subject, preceptorship is an "essential part of the socialization and professional development of nurses with a new registerable qualification" (OMalley, Cunlitte & Breeze, 2000. It was also found by Davis (2003) that the professional development of nurses, which is incorporated in the preceptorship program, is linked to high quality service provision (as cited in Davidson, Glasper & Donaldson, 2005). Hence, it is obvious that the preceptorship improves the quality of care being given to patients. A preceptor has many responsibilities, which can be divided into two groups- fundamental responsibilities and procedural responsibilities. The ones of the former group are: commitment to the role of the preceptor and desire to teach and share expertise with co-workers. The responsibilities of the latter group, the procedural responsibilities, include: orientation and socialization or the preceptees to the unit, assessment of the developing objectives of the preceptees, being a role model, observing and evaluating the preceptees, giving constructive criticism and supporting, facilitating preceptees development, supervising patient care provided by the preceptees to ensure it is safe and competent nursing, documenting a summary of the preceptees performance and maintaining strict confidentiality of all preceptee-related information (OMalley, Cunlitte & Breeze, 2000, Smith, 2006). The complexity and multiplicity of the preceptors responsibilities were recognized by Cerinus and Ferguson (1994), and were

Analysis of tables and recomendstion _graphs_ mean _varaince _ST Essay

Analysis of tables and recomendstion _graphs_ mean _varaince _ST - Essay Example report, therefore, recommends that the municipality should focus its resources on the lands and housing sector, free toll and helpdesk channels and its improving trend. Al Ain municipality is a local authority in Al Ain city whose roles includes provision of public utility services to the city’s community through its call centre. Application of descriptive statistics is therefore essential in understanding the municipality’s operations (Abu Dhabi 1; Mimmack, Manas and Meyer, 3-27). The descriptive statistics for reported cases, by channel, identifies an increment in report from a mean of 282.75 of the first half of the year to a mean of 332.43 in the second half, an indication of increased activity in the call center in the second period. The trend is associated with increase in standard deviation. The sector analysis, on the other hand, shows that most of the reported cases in the year 2011 were complaints with inquiries forming the least of reported cases. The pie chart for the number of cases reported between January and July identifies free toll and helpdesk as the majorly used channels. The same trend is observed in the second half of the year. Distribution of cases by sector, on the other hand, identifies housing and lands with the highest number of cases with information cases forming the highest correspondents. The charts for distribution of cases by sectors per month also identify information as the major contributor to the municipal reported cases. While the average response duration decreases with time, the average number of assigned cases increases with time across the year 2011. Analysis of the data shows that the municipal is effective in pursuing its role that includes provision of support to development initiatives. Lands, and housing sector, free toll, and help desk channels are the most active sections. The descriptive statistics also shows higher reported cases in the second half of the year than in the first half. The charts further

Capital Funding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Capital Funding - Essay Example Contrary to this as per the advocates of capital funding, it causes encouragement of the development of technologies, managerial expertise, and integration with the world economy, exports and higher growth. Since it is a very much controversial issue, my primary objective will be exploring the all the aspect of capital funding in new business and private sector in developing countries and also calculating possibility and to answer the hypothesis that effect of the various policies of capital funding on the development of new business and private practice in developing countries. Since this research problem needs an in depth study and it give rise to some insights to the magnitude of the capital funding I'll formulate such research questions which may help me exploring the reality of the problem. The questions will be, Since it is highly necessary to gather accurate information for giving an ample scope to my research problem, I will approach autonomous and governmental bodies like Department for international development, office of foreign common wealth offices and HM treasury. Collecting data from such bodies will help me to draw a comprehensible data related to the effect of policies in the development of new business and private practice in developing countries. ... The governments of respective countries has implemented a number of policies related to this .But The practice of imparting and accepting the fund always invites criticism as the opponents draw attention regarding imperfections, adverse results such as capital intensity of such funds, inappropriate technology ,the possible adverse on income distribution etc. Contrary to this as per the advocates of capital funding, it causes encouragement of the development of technologies, managerial expertise, and integration with the world economy, exports and higher growth. Since it is a very much controversial issue, my primary objective will be exploring the all the aspect of capital funding in new business and private sector in developing countries and also calculating possibility and to answer the hypothesis that effect of the various policies of capital funding on the development of new business and private practice in developing countries. Since this research problem needs an in depth study and it give rise to some insights to the magnitude of the capital funding I'll formulate such research questions which may help me exploring the reality of the problem. The questions will be, 1. What is the magnitude of the effectiveness of the policies in developing countries, particularly in their economic growth 2. Whether it effect positively or negatively on the development of new business and private practice 2 3. What are aims of the particular government regarding the implementation of the respective policies 4. Which are major countries who undertaken to impart funds to developing countries and whether there is particular motive

Outline and critically examine the procedural and substantive changes Essay

Outline and critically examine the procedural and substantive changes in the law on land registration brought about by the Land Registration Act 2002. Is land r - Essay Example that the ostensibly restricted paradigm for land registration under the LRA 2002 narrows the extent and enforceability of third party proprietary rights, which in turn strengthens the position of a third party purchaser under the LRA 2002. Furthermore, one of the main objectives of the LRA 2002 was â€Å"to reduce the number of overriding interests which are binding upon a purchaser of a registered title†3. Conversely, Sexton comments that the â€Å"2002 Act achieves this purpose only to a very limited degree†4. Accordingly, whilst central driver of the LRA 2002 of the 2002 Act is to limit the scope of third party overriding interests, it the degree to which this objective has been achieved remains questionable. The focus of this analysis is to critically evaluate the procedural and substantive changes in the law on land registration as brought in by the LRA 2002. To this end, it is submitted that a central issue in the evaluation of the LRA 2002 is whether property purchase post 2002 has become easier as intended by the extrapolations of the Law Commission Report5. A central issue of concern in contemporary conveyancing is the applicability of any third party proprietary rights and to this end I shall undertake a contextual and comparative analysis with the unregistered system for enforceability of third party rights. Moreover, I shall further evaluate the system for enforceability of third party equitable rights under the registered land system post 2002. It is submitted at the outset that such an evaluation is imperative to the overall consideration of the substantive and procedural changes brought about by the LRA 2002. In assessing the extent of changes introduced by the LRA 2002, it is necessary to consider the essential objectives of the Law Commission Report, particularly in terms of its hailing the LRA bill as a revolution for conveyancing practice. Firstly, the Law Commission argued that the â€Å"Bill is a bold and striking one†¦.. The move from a paper

Write a research proposal about Apple Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Write a about Apple - Research Proposal Example The company, since its inception, has adopted resourced based view of business management. Under such management, the company has expanded business branches across numerous economies, after saturation of the domestic market. Despite achieving success, Apple’s trade is threatened by potential rivals within the electronics industry. In this epoch, companies are exposed to greater competition and complication in the business world, where market influences of externalities are found to be soaring. This proposal is framed for a future management research that would analyze major strategic business issues faced by Apple Inc. and finally, the researcher would elaborate on ways whereby these problems can be minimized. The research proposal for the dissertation aims to evaluate issues faced by Apple Inc. and in turn frame productive ways to eradicate the same. It is highly rational to conduct such a research work because if these problems are not resolved, then Apple Inc. can surely lose its dominant position within the industry in long run. The above profit (income) and revenue graph of Apple Inc. precisely elaborates on its current primary strategic issue. The graph shows that although aggregate revenue earned by the company is increasing with time, income or profit share is falling. Rising revenue, but falling income, indirectly points out increasing operational cost experienced by Apple Inc. It is highly viable to determine the primary cause of such a problem because in long run, similar strategic issues can arise in any multinational organization. The publicly traded organization of Apple Inc. was founded in 1976. The firm produces computer hardware and software products as well as other electronic gadgets such as, Smartphones and tablets. Some popular products of Apple Inc. are iOperating System, iPad and iPhone (Apple Inc., 2013). The headquarters of the organization is located in

Outline and critically examine the procedural and substantive changes Essay

Outline and critically examine the procedural and substantive changes in the law on land registration brought about by the Land Registration Act 2002. Is land r - Essay Example that the ostensibly restricted paradigm for land registration under the LRA 2002 narrows the extent and enforceability of third party proprietary rights, which in turn strengthens the position of a third party purchaser under the LRA 2002. Furthermore, one of the main objectives of the LRA 2002 was â€Å"to reduce the number of overriding interests which are binding upon a purchaser of a registered title†3. Conversely, Sexton comments that the â€Å"2002 Act achieves this purpose only to a very limited degree†4. Accordingly, whilst central driver of the LRA 2002 of the 2002 Act is to limit the scope of third party overriding interests, it the degree to which this objective has been achieved remains questionable. The focus of this analysis is to critically evaluate the procedural and substantive changes in the law on land registration as brought in by the LRA 2002. To this end, it is submitted that a central issue in the evaluation of the LRA 2002 is whether property purchase post 2002 has become easier as intended by the extrapolations of the Law Commission Report5. A central issue of concern in contemporary conveyancing is the applicability of any third party proprietary rights and to this end I shall undertake a contextual and comparative analysis with the unregistered system for enforceability of third party rights. Moreover, I shall further evaluate the system for enforceability of third party equitable rights under the registered land system post 2002. It is submitted at the outset that such an evaluation is imperative to the overall consideration of the substantive and procedural changes brought about by the LRA 2002. In assessing the extent of changes introduced by the LRA 2002, it is necessary to consider the essential objectives of the Law Commission Report, particularly in terms of its hailing the LRA bill as a revolution for conveyancing practice. Firstly, the Law Commission argued that the â€Å"Bill is a bold and striking one†¦.. The move from a paper

Equity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Equity - Essay Example he other hand, expects that the property may be asserted by loan bosses before individual A bites the dust, and that subsequently B would get none of it. A could secure a trust with B as the beneficiary, yet then A would not be qualified for utilization of the property before they passed on. Defensive law of trusts was created as an answer for this circumstance unlike the equity’s darling rules1. A would create a law of trust with both A and B as recipients or rather beneficiaries, with the trustee taught to permit individual A to utilize the property until A passed on, and from there on to permit its utilization to B. The property is then sheltered from being guaranteed by As lenders, at slightest the length of the obligation was gone into after the trusts law2. This utilization of the law of trusts is like life domains and leftovers, and is much of the time utilized as plan B to them. As per the common law, lawful frameworks, a law of trust is a form of connection whereby a land is held by one gathering for the profit of an alternate like the beneficiaries but according to the equity’s darling, there are no beneficiaries recognized by its court and this brings out the difference between the two courts. A law of trust is made by settler, who exchanges some or the majority of his or her land to a trustee. It is clear that the trustee holds that land for the trusts recipients. Since the Roman times, the law of trusts has been existing and currently, they have turned in a standout amongst the most critical advancements in property or rather land law. A manager setting land into the law of trust puts a piece of his or her heap of the rights to the trustee, differentiating the lands lawful proprietorship and control from its evenhanded possession and benefits. This may be an expense which is finished in some other reasons or to control the land and its advantages if the settler is non-attendant, debilitated, or is dead. Commonly the law of trusts is m ade in wills,

Multinational Perspective Essay Example for Free

Multinational Perspective Essay Multinational corporations originated from the need for substantial capital and limited risks for large industrial or commercial consortiums for overseas trade. The modern concept of multinational corporations came into being during the 17th and 18th centuries and a good example of such a venture is the British East India Company in South Asia and the Dutch East India Company in South East Asia’s Indo-Chinese Peninsula. With the current communications and management technologies available, more companies are able to make the most out of international trade liberalization.   Ã‚   Today, multinational corporations are expanding themselves to increase their markets, increase brand presence and image and benefit from inexpensive raw materials and labor (Chang, 2003). Scenario for Multinational Corporations Currently, there is an estimated 40,000 multinational corporation’s world wide in and approximately 250,000 overseas collaborations running cross-continental operations. Most multinational corporations are from the United States, Western Europe, and Japan. By 1995, the top 200 multinational corporations alone had collective revenues reaching of $7.1 Trillion which is equivalent to 28.3 percent of the gross domestic product globally (Bernal, Kaukab, and Yu, 2005). The operations of multinational corporations are governed by the policies of The World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank. Though the traditional view of multinational corporations is that of big manufacturers, current trends and developments in technology have also given rise to â€Å"micro-multinationals†[1] as well business process outsourcing (BPO) ventures (Ewing, 2005). Among the countries being targeted for multination expansion, China and India are the current top favorites of multinational companies (McKinsey Global Institute [MGI], 2004). Globalization has allowed access to markets via technology and has reduced distribution, lower internal coordination costs.   It has also allowed for networking of specialized services and products in support of corporate functions through BPO’s whether within the companies internal operations or its external activities (Ewing, 2005). Entry to Developing Markets   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though the scenario of multinational expansion has changed, the methods of entry remain traditional in most developing countries (Hoos, 2000; Tubbs and Schulz, 2006). Strategies to enter new markets for multinational corporations are by mergers or direct acquisition, sequential market entry and through joint ventures Mergers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Merger or direct acquisition of existing companies is the forthright entry to a market. This is the strategy usually employed by large multinational corporations. It maximizes the economies of scale advantage to overcome barriers to entry (Ewing, 2005; Multinational Corporations, 2006). Considered as foreign direct investments (FDI), they are subject to not only commercial regulation but are also direct affected by fiscal and investment policies by the host country, and related international trade policies (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development [UNCTAD], 2005). Beginning in 2004, it has been identified as a critical in developing countries and studies have been commissioned to quantify their impact of the economies of developing countries (UNCTAD, 2004). The first ranked for FDI is India and was followed closely by China (Kearney, 2004). Though India has been able to outrank China and Mexico, China actually acquires more FDI significantly either country since 2002 (Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, 2005; MGI, 2004). Sequential Market Entry Sequential market entry involves foreign direct investment and getting hold of a sector if the market related to the parent’s companies core line of business, usually its key product or competency. It is different from a merger that it that the parent company does not bring in all of products, services or operations into a host country (Multinational Corporations, 2006). This method is the preferred by smaller companies and conservative business to begin their multinational operations (Kearney, 2004). Sony, in its initial expansion to the United States first limited its operations to manufacturing televisions but eventually expanded its operations to the production of magnetic tape and eventually to the production of audio in the 1970’s. Today, Sony’s operations in the United States include semiconductors and personal communications. Sony’s United States operation used its expertise and leadership in manufacturing television to establish itself in the industry and its local competition and then used this it as leverage to expand its products in the United States (Multinational Corporations, 2006). Another development in multinational operations is that outsourcing of operations or services to other countries. According to both UNCTAD 2004 and 2005 reports, BPO is one of fastest growing industries globally. Joint Ventures   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Joint ventures are operational or service partnerships with companies already existing or operating in the host country. This method of entry is limits is not as liberal as mergers or sequential market entry but is effective when entering heavily regulated markets. The method has been in particular use in entering the markets of China, the Soviet Union and that of Eastern Europe (Multinational Corporations, 2006). The issue of limited control for parent companies is the usually critique of this method and has raised issues regarding liberalization issues (Bernal, Kaukab, and Yu, 2005). Host countries and venture partners significantly benefit from the transfer of technology and management while parent companies are able to enter otherwise restrictive market. The concern for multinational companies however is the development of conflicts with joint venture partners who can become competitors (Multinational Corporations, 2006). Another concern for most multinational corporations regarding entering into joint ventures is that local policies, which their joint venture partners are subject to, are easily changeable. The creation of stable industry policies that may affect joint ventures and similar partnerships is one of the major focuses of developing countries trying to attract more investments (Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, 2005). This move has been supported by the current agenda of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the United Nations (UNCTAD, 2004). Multinational Corporations in Developing Countries   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Entering into s developing market requires the recognition and creation of strategies to deal with poor economic conditions, low educational levels, technological barriers or lack of existing channels and infrastructures for the distribution of the product and service (UNCTAD, 2005). Globalization and Trade Liberalization   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A major reason for multinational expansion is accessing a wider market. This coincides with the international agenda of globalization and trade liberalization. The Asian Financial Crisis may still be a haunting scenario for many investors (Bernal, Kaukab, and Yu, 2005), but the current trends in Asia, particularly China and India, is creating renewed interest in expanding to developing countries (MGI, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The efforts of developing countries to liberalize trade and industries have also been encouraging. Recent trends have allowed the return of Coca-Cola to India (Nayak, 2006), the ranking of Asia as the most attractive FDI region (Kearney, 2006) and the growing success on BPO’s in India and the Philippines (UNCTAD, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The operations of multinational corporations have been constructive in the development of markets, the introduction of new products and the development of industries as a whole. Investments of these companies have helped stressed local economies space and opportunity to expand. The technology and management knowledge that multinational companies bring in has helped local research and development to improve standard practices and policies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Multinational companies have been able to benefit from reduced labor, materials or overall operation costs. A significant benefit of going global is establishing brand and product presence. Many companies have also benefited from the variated market that globalization has provided them increasing product efficiency and marketability. Global Trend and Scenario   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though multinational corporations significantly contribute to international trade and development have not enjoyed acclaim. Their presence and nature if operations is said to be more detrimental to local economies than beneficial (Baitu, 2006; Tubbs and Schulz, 2006, Chang, 2003). Studies have also shown the negative effects of the operation of multinational corporations prompted some governments to take a protectionist approach which ahs deterred not only these corporations but trade liberalization in general (Wysocki, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the UNCTAD report regarding multinational corporations in least developed countries (UNCTAD, 2002), the â€Å"highly centralized nature of these corporations† is the main apprehension against them. Though multinational corporations contribute significantly to local economies in the form of investment, technology and commerce, there is very little barrier to exit from the local industry in case of a national economic downturn (Hoos, 2000). They have been said to have contributed to the aggravation of labor conditions, environmental degradation, and degeneration of social conditions, declined local industries and livelihood, and raised inflation levels (Tubbs and Schulz, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, the mobility of multinational corporations leaves host countries with less bargaining power and allows them significant leverage over countries that are highly disadvantaged and needy of the jobs and investment they provide (UNCTAD, 2002). Current Issues and Concerns for Multinational Operations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In an international environment, a company’s concerns will have to consider more external factors. International trade laws, liberalization and globalization are the obvious concerns that emerging multinational have to face. More importantly, companies have to orient themselves to local markets, governments and policies that may they may not be familiar with (Wysocki, 2006). Exploring international markets also increases competition not just with traditional competitors but also for new business developments such as micro-multinationals (Ewing, 2005). The risks and challenges of becoming a multinational company need strategies that consider the company’s goals, international market scenarios and effective local marketing approaches. Recommendations In general, there should be further quantitative and qualitative studies on multinational corporations’ actual impact to host countries from individual to industry levels especially for the least developed countries that host them (UNCTAD, 2002).   Multinational companies nowadays are not just commercial ventures; they also serve as highways of liberalization. Some multinational companies have greater assets than the poorest of developing countries leaving these nations with limited bargaining power. The need to attract investments by multinational companies must not undermine the focus on welfare, health and social life (Baitu, 2006). The following considerations are framed UNDTAD’s World Investment Report for 2004 and 2005, the 2002 Report Multinational Corporations in Least Developed Countries; and Bernal, Kaukab and Yu’s The World Development Report 2005 for the WTO:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Host countries must focus on creating industry competencies that do not just cater to the current needs of multinational companies operating in the country. Developing countries must not become dependent on multinational companies and focus on boosting domestic growth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Developing countries should be liberally cautious in accepting FDI to the country so as to ensure the survival of its local industries. It should not take a protectionist approach creating false security in its local industries but only to alleviate the pressures of advantage that multinationals have by reasons of economies of scale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Closer coordination with trade associations and international liberalization agencies will allows for developing countries support and knowledge in dealing with multinational corporations. At the same time, multinational corporations can benefit form the standardization of commerce and industry, decreasing speculation and uncertainty for their ventures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Consideration of social issues can help multinational companies have a better local feel for the host country’s markets. Pubic relations in smaller countries become crucial in building brand and product awareness, purchase and loyalty. It also allows for the feasibility of introducing product extensions and even non-related ventures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Involving multinational corporations in the host country’s environment, community, research and development can establish a more meaningful relationship. Multinational corporations can benefit form having greater involvement in factors that affect its operations. Fears of multinational corporations being insensitive to local concerns can also be alleviated. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Multinational expansion is but one of the key indications of globalization. Liberalization signifies a country’s acceptance of globalization. Together, multinational corporations and liberalization act as vehicles for development and cooperation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As in all relationships, work must be put in to make it work. Multinationals grow when local economies grow through the development of labor, resources and market expansion. Host countries benefit from the investment, technology transfer and the development of its emerging industries. New multinational companies in particular could prosper and establish themselves well in developing economies where competition may not as stiff and industries not as crowded as they would be in developed countries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The key is in finding a balance between multinational investment and local industry growth and in creating  Ã‚   a relationship between multinational corporations and host countries that are based on mutual development.          References Baitu, J. (2006) Globalisation for the Common Good and Social Justice in Sub-Saharan Africa [Online]. Available from http://lass.calumet.purdue.edu/cca/jgcg/2006/sp06/jgcg-sp06-baitu.htm [Accessed 12 September 2006]. Bergsten, C. F. (2000) The Global Trading System and the Developing Countries in 2000 [Online]. Working Paper 99-6 Institute for International Economics. Available from http://www.iie.com/publications/wp/wp.cfm?ResearchID=135 [Accessed 12 September 2006]. Bernal, L. E., Kaukab, R. S., and Yu, V. P. B. III (2005).The World Development Report 2005: An Unbalanced Message on Investment Liberalization. WTO Institutional Governance and Dispute Settlement, of the Trade and Development Programme: Geneva, Switzerland. Brown, A. G. and Stern, R. M. (2005) Concepts of Fairness in the Global Trading System. Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, The University of Michigan: Michigan, USA. Chang, H. (2003) Foreign Investment Regulation in Historical Perspective: Lessons for the Proposed WTO Investment Agreement [Online]. Available from: http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/ffd/2003/03historical.htm [Accessed 12 September 2006]. Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (2005) Foreign Direct Investment-Policy Procedures. New Delhi: Government of India. Available from: http://dipp.nic.in/manual/manual_03_05.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2006]. Ewing, R. (2005) The New Multinational: Lilliputian, Not Leviathan [Online]. Speaking Freely Asia Times Online. Available from: http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/HD05Dj01.html [Accessed 12 September 2006]. Hoos, J. (2000) Globalization, Multinational Corporations and Economics. Kiado: Budapest. Kearney, A.T. (2004) China and India Jockey for the Top Most Attractive Foreign Direct Investment Destination Globally While the U.S. Is Challenged by These Rapidly Evolving Economies: Global executives see the best business environment since 2000, yet a return to positive global FDI flows could be complicated by a new mix of operational risks. A.T. Kearney:   London, United Kingdom. Nayak , A. K. J. R. (2006) Globalization of Foreign Direct Investment in India: 1900s–2000 [online]. Available from http://www.bu.edu/historic/06conf_papers/ Nayak.pdf [Accessed 12 September 2006]. McKinsey Global Institute (2004). China and India: The Race to Growth [Online]. McKinsey Quarterly . Available from http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/article_page.aspx. [Accessed 12 September 2006]. Multinational Corporations (2006) Encyclopedia of Management, Volume Mar-No. Available from http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Mar-No/Multinational-Corporations.html [Accessed 12 September 2006]. Tubbs, S. L. and Schulz, E. (2006) Exploring a Taxonomy of Global Leadership Competencies and Meta-competencies. The Journal of American Academy of Business, Volume 8, Number 2, March   2006, Dissertation Paper presented at the Eastern Michigan University. Eastern Michigan University: Michigan. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2002) Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in Least Developed Countries (LDC’s). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2004) World Investment Report 2004. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2005) World Investment Report 2005. Wysocki, B. Jr.(2006) Symbol Over Substance [Online]. Original Article printed in The Wall Street Journal, September 25, 2000. Available from http://www.enterpriseworks.org/about_news_wsj.asp [Accessed 12 September 2006]. [1] Micro-multinational are companies who have small manpower and overall scale unlike the traditional multinational corporations. An example is Navin Communications who have engineering operations in Mumbai, India and headquarters in Mountain View, California (Multinational Corporations, 2006).

The Language And The Gender

The Language And The Gender This study deals with the relationship between gender and language in this study we try to answer the flowing question: to what extend the differences in using prestige between male and female in Arabic language in terms of greetings, happiness, and sadness occasions? Due to this question the aim of the study is to find the reasons of differences between the two genders in Arabic language. this study find that the differences connected with female who try to add new words to their language which they connected these new words to the civilization and modern life and they try to use it out of their traditional way , in order to attract the attentions from others The samples of this study are males and females Arabic speakers. They are 10 persons, 5 males and 5 females native speakers of Arabic language. The questionnaire instrument is used in this study in order to take valued information. The questionnaire encompasses the terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. It also in cludes other information such as gender, and age. Key words: male, female, prestige, sociolinguistic. 1.0 Introduction Language and gender research began in early 20th century. Language gender research concerned with male and female differences in their way of speaking. The study of language and gender related to sociolinguistics, this field mainly interests to study language in social context , in social context we can recognize that the speakers within same language used different ways of speech these ways different in term of gender, age, ethnic and social class; this is what we may call it social variation. The concept of prestige in sociolinguistics is related to standard language so according prestigious, dialect is likely to be considered the standard language. Many researcher deals with sociolinguistics studies and concern in language and gender Coates (1993) he recognized that female in speech community try to use a high degree of prestige than male. (Lakoff, 1975), the men use words like (damn, more than women (oh dear, goodness). Malkawi (2011) found that the females in order to attract t he attention they avoid using old words. Scherer (1979), states that the women consciously employ the use of more socially prestigious speech than men, while men tend to use more forceful speech than women. Women tend to use prestige in her language more than men do. Women use standard prestige norms while men used vernacular prestige norms. In general non standard language is low-prestige while standard connected to high- prestige but it is undesirable in many contexts. This study focused on sociolinguistic work through concentrate on the vernacular Arabic language when highlighted to find the differences between males and females in terms of greetings, happiness, and sadness occasions. This study dealt with linguistic variation in term of gender to find out the kind of prestige used by Arabic males and females in terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. In this study we try to find out the answer to research question: Are there any differences in the talk of Arabic males and females in terms of greetings, happiness, and sadness occasions? In order to answer this question, the questionnaire instrument is used in this study in order to get valued information. The questionnaire encompasses the terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. It also includes other information such as gender, age and etc. The samples of this study are males and females Arabic speakers. They are 10 persons, 5 males and 5 females native speakers of Arabic language. Above all we can attributed the differences between male and female may belong to the desire of women to use Words which are related to prestige in order to attract attention and most women Believes that the use of prestigious words in speech are more civilized than use The ordinary one. In sociolinguistic the concept of prestige refers to positive or negative values choose by the speaker in other word the speakers choose consciously or subconsciously when they make the speech act. Sociolinguistic Sociolinguistics is of the most important branches of modern linguistics .it deals with the study of language affected by social relations. Sociolinguistics includes pidgin, bilingualism and Creole languages .It refers to language variation, and language variation focuses on language different in contexts, where context refers to social class, age, gender, ethnicity, geography. In 1960 many researches in sociolinguistic focuses on the relationship between language and social structure and the relationship between language and gander. Sociolinguistics interests on language in the social context and language in the social context focuses on the linguistics norms and variations. Speakers who differ from each other in age, social class, and ethnic group will differ from each other in their speech and this is called social variation. Sociolinguistics is applied toward the different social situations and analysis the way that female and male speak to each other so , sociolinguistic we can say is a science that provide us with a brief description about the realities of human speech and how we can through a specific dialect describes the relation between language and age, sex and social function of a language . Studies in the field of sociolinguistics generally assesses the reality by taking a sample of people and interview them, typically it studies the variation of language and based on dialect in specific society. Sociolinguistic concern with grammatical and phonological features so, Variation in language connected with gender, male and female tend to use different styles female tend to use a particular style in her speaking more than male do. Gender with language The area of study gender and language connected with sociolinguistics. It investigates the speech varieties associated with gender and sometimes this kind of studies is called a genderlect. Dr. Adelaide Haas of the State University of New York in 1979 she observed general differences between male and female linguistic style. She made several observations and according to the results she found women tend to use standard English and non directive language while men used non- standard and directive language .women prefer to talk about her family and home while most men prefer talked about business, money and sports it is also found gender language from generation to generation that is means the age will also different in using language from one age to another. the differences between gender because the girls and boys socialized differently so according to this fact language different between gender, women always in her conversation try to make suggestion while men prefer to give commands, typically it is found that women used more emotion in her way of speaking than men do , also women focus on her feelings in her life while men focus on power in his life. Lakoff (1975) states that women try her possible to talk as a respected lady, comparing to men, women tend to use more hedges, intensifiers , a lot of polite forms and questions intonations. 1.3 Prestige Dialects are mainly related to the concept of prestige within a society. Usually, the standard dialect is associated with prestige in the society but thats not mean all prestigious people must speak the standard but there are factors to prestige with non standard dialects and by group may develop a prestige factors. The prestige concepts: Overt Prestige: refers to speakers of non-standard varieties who adopt the standard variety. The speakers are associate themselves with the general prestigious dialect within a society. Covert Prestige: This refers to speakers who not adopt a standard dialect. The speakers in convert prestige are associated with what they gained from group in social identification. So, overt prestige is assimilate standard, while convert prestige refers to assimilate non standard. The concept of prestige in sociolinguistics is related to standard language so according prestigious, dialect is likely to be considered the standard language but in other hand non standard may also refers to prestige factors and the creative of prestige factors by non standard group. In general prestige means a specific prestige dialect used by people in their way of speaking, it represent the language community , prestige dialects are associated with greater social, political, and economic power, sometimes people who speak prestige dialect are generally considered well-educated. but is that mean who does not speak a prestige dialect is uneducated according to preceding studies they found the people who didnt speak prestige dialect is may face difficulties in their academic community or social difficulties which effected directly in their way of speaking in other hand factors to prestige with non standard dialects may developed by group as prestige. We can say a prestige differ from state to state for example modern standard Arabic which is considerd high prestige it is used of social and political Arabic media in order to accessible a large number of Arabic people but it is not used as a conversation in their daily life and if someone speak a standard Arabic in streets people will laugh about it so according to Arabic language standard is not prestigious unlike English or French language which they considerd the standard as prestigious so prestige dialects differ from language to language . 2.0 Data for study: The aim of this study is to find the differences between Arabic males and females in terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. The samples of this study are males and females Arabic speakers. They are 10 persons, 5 males and 5 females native speakers of Arabic language. 4.0 Research in the field: Ferguson (1959), states that sociolinguistics of Arabic language began as an academic unit and it has two discriminative varieties. These varieties are the high and the low ones. As for the high variety, it is related to the classical Arabic which is used in formal occasions and religious functions. The low variety is used in everyday communications between for instance, friends, and home. Sociological studies have shown that women are more likely to use linguistic forms thought to be better or more correct than those used by men. Trudgell (1983) provides an important reason for this. According to him, women are more conscious than men, therefore, they are more sensitive to linguistic norms. Lakoff (1975) states that due of the low states of women and the pressure upon them to talk as a respected lady, comparing to men, women tend to use more hedges, intensifiers , a lot of polite forms and questions intonations . Prestige is in two types. Overt type is seeking a prestige by assimilating to the standard language. Covert type is choosing not to talk in the standard, Manue and Campoy (2009). According, Coupland (1997) mentions that women prefer to use an overt standard prestige. However, men favor to use covert vernacular prestige. Coates (1993) states that female speakers tend to use a higher rate of prestige than male speakers in different speech communities. In other words, the prestige norms seem to have a great influence on women than on men. In addition, Sociolinguistics literature reveals that women employ and adopt the speech of rich people more than men do where the difference between rich and poor people speech is in standard language and dialect one, Angle and Biber (1981). According to Lackoff (1973), in the case of gender, women are expected not to use strong insults and expletives such as damn the same as men do, while they are encouraged to use weaker ones like oh dear. Therefore, women have to change or substitute the strong insults with weaker ones. Scherer (1979), states that the women consciously employ the use of more socially prestigious speech than men, while men tend to use more forceful speech than women. Abu-Haidar (1989) investigated the occurrence of prestige in the spoken Arabic language in Baghdad, Iraq. Her study reveals that prestige is attributed to the standard Arabic language rather than the vernacular one. She adds that women tend to favor this variety. On the other hand, in the case of the Iraqi society as claimed by Jaber and Krishnasamy (2012), female prestige is associated with the meaning of the words not with the standard language. Rather, men tend to use the standard features more women. In a study was made on the Jordanian society, Malkawi (2011) found that the females respondents in her study avoid using old words when they want to attract the attention Females and males tend to use more prestigious words rather than the ancient ones. As noticed by Bassiouney (2010), educated men and women in Egypt tend to talk in standard language because they think that it is more civilized than the dialect one. On the other hand, the uneducated women use the urban variety rather than the rural one for it is more prestigious as they think. Arafa and Al-Ali (2010) proposed that females in Jordan adopt the urban non local varieties which are considered as civilized varieties, while males tend to use the local ones. As they state, the adoption of the varieties by both males and females are not arbitrary. Rather, it is limited to gender motivations and social expectations Gordon in (1997) clarifies the reasons behind using a more prestigious language by women in the New Zealand society. He says that the usage of this prestigious language by women in New Zealand is a stereotype. According to his, it is a stereotype for it explains the avoidance of middle class females against the lower class females. Publications: Who Practitioners in the field / lineage of the thought (others working in the area) What are the landmark studies? What are the theoretical and empirical contributions of the research area? 6.0 Implications of the study: We can summarize the implication of this study: 6.1 Purpose of the study The purpose of this study is to find the differences between Arabic males and females in using prestige in terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. 6.2 Main Objective: The study of sociolinguistics concentrates on language in the social context. Studying language in the social context focuses on the linguistics norms and variations. Speakers who differ from each other in age, social class, and ethnic group will differ from each other in their speech and this is called social variation. As for this study, it will focus on the linguistic norms and variations related to the gender of the speaker. More specifically, this study aims at studying the differences in speech between Arabic males and females in relation to their gender. 6.3 Findings: Male Female Results Greeti ngs happiness sadness occasions 6.4 Limitation of the study This study limited on small group who consist from Arabic male and female in order to discover the differences between Arabic males and females in using prestige in terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. 6.5 Conclusion This study tries to investigate the differences between Arabic males and females in terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. According to the data analysis in this paper found that the female try to use a high level of prestige she try to use modern words and tries as possible to exclude the old words in order to attract attention while mail try to use medium level of prestige but also it is found that male tend to use modern prestige words than the old words.